The Genetics Of Coffee
The genetics of coffee is a fascinating and complex field that explores the hereditary and molecular characteristics of coffee plants. Two main species dominate the commercial coffee industry: Coffea arabica (Arabica) and Coffea canephora (Robusta). Here's an overview of the key aspects of coffee genetics:

1. Species and Varieties
Coffea arabica (Arabica):

Genetic Makeup: Arabica coffee is a tetraploid (possesses four sets of chromosomes) with 44 chromosomes. It is a result of a cross between two diploid species, Coffea eugenioides and Coffea canephora.
Varieties: Arabica coffee has numerous varieties such as Bourbon, Typica, Geisha, SL28, and SL34, each with unique genetic traits influencing flavor, yield, and disease resistance.
Coffea canephora (Robusta):

Genetic Makeup: Robusta coffee is a diploid species with 22 chromosomes.
Varieties: Robusta varieties are generally more resistant to pests and diseases compared to Arabica but are often considered less flavorful. Key varieties include Kouillou and Congensis.
2. Genomic Studies
Arabica Genome: Sequencing the genome of Arabica has been challenging due to its tetraploid nature. However, recent advances have made it possible to identify genes associated with disease resistance, caffeine production, and quality traits.
Robusta Genome: The genome of Robusta has been sequenced, providing insights into genes related to stress resistance, yield, and biochemical pathways involved in flavor and aroma.
3. Breeding and Hybridization
Traditional Breeding: Involves selecting plants with desirable traits and cross-breeding them to produce improved varieties. This process is time-consuming and requires several generations to achieve stable traits.
Hybrid Varieties: New hybrids such as Arabusta (a cross between Arabica and Robusta) combine the favorable traits of both species, such as improved disease resistance from Robusta and better flavor profiles from Arabica.
Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS): Uses molecular markers linked to desirable traits to accelerate the breeding process by selecting plants with the desired genes at an early stage.
4. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
CRISPR/Cas9: This gene-editing technology holds potential for precise modifications in the coffee genome, such as enhancing disease resistance, improving flavor, and increasing yield.
Transgenic Approaches: Though controversial and subject to regulatory approval, transgenic techniques can introduce new genes into coffee plants to confer desirable traits, such as pest resistance or improved environmental adaptability.
5. Challenges and Future Directions
Climate Change: Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns threaten coffee production. Genetic research aims to develop varieties that are more resilient to these changes.
Disease Resistance: Diseases like coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum kahawae) are major threats. Identifying and incorporating resistant genes into new varieties is a priority.
Flavor and Quality: Genetics plays a crucial role in determining the flavor profile of coffee. Research focuses on understanding the genetic basis of flavor compounds and breeding varieties with superior taste.
Conclusion
The genetics of coffee is a rapidly evolving field that combines traditional breeding methods with modern genomic and biotechnological approaches. Advances in this area promise to enhance coffee quality, yield, and sustainability, ensuring the future of one of the world's most beloved beverages.

No Way Financial System Survives - Bill Holter, Greg Hunter
https://rumble.com/v52z8ew-no-way-financial-system-survives-bill-holter.html

Financial writer and precious metals broker Bill Holter has been documenting all the unpayable debt that has been building up in the financial system like cancer. The latest black hole of default is coming from a big bank in Japan. Norinchukin Bank is selling $63 billion in Treasuries and other sovereign bonds to stay afloat. Then there is recent news announced by the FDIC that 63 US banks (the names are being kept secret) have more than $500 billion in losses, and let’s not forget about the trillions in losses sitting on the books of European banks ready to suck the world into a black debt hole. This is just a few of many on a long list of destabilizing problems that can tank the entire over-indebted financial system. Holter warns, “The list is so long, it could be a banking problem. It could be a derivatives problem. It could be a derivatives problem in the stock market, the bond market and you could see a failure to deliver in silver. Some type of warfare could crash the system. You could see warfare in Ukraine, Israel or Tiawan. The system is so unstable, at this point, it could be anything that could bring it down. Unpayable debt is not just a US problem. This is all over the world. Central banks are having to issue huge amounts of debt because we are in the exponential decay phase. We are exactly where Richard Russell said we would be 20 years ago. It’s inflate or die, and the only way to inflate is to create more money supply.”

Add to that the $10 trillion in debt the US Government has to roll over by the end of the year. Meanwhile, the US government piles on $1 trillion in new debt every 100 days. What could go wrong?

Holter said the last time he was on USAW that there was a little less than a 50% chance we would even have an election. Now, he predicts it is more likely there will be no 2024 Presidential Election. Holter says, “There is no way the system, as it is now, survives. It’s mathematically impossible. So, if it is mathematically impossible, are they going to blow smoke . . . up until the day it blows up? Or are they going to do something to blow it up and then say our programs and policies were working except for XYZ this or whatever. They have to kick the table over. They cannot allow the table to fall over on its own because then there is going to be finger pointing. To avoid the finger pointing, they have got to kick the table over.”

Holter also thinks gold is going to exponential numbers to back all the debt the USA has. If you go with the 8,030 tons of gold the government claims is in Fort Knox, you will need a dollar price of gold at “$125,000 per ounce for 100% gold backing of the dollar.”

Holter also says, “The dollar is being pushed out of the global financial system. . . . Demand for dollars is shrinking at a time when borrowing demand is rising.” This is a going to be a disaster for America and anyone holding dollars in the future.

In closing, Holter says, “The financial collapse that is coming will be worse than anything we have ever experienced. This is going to be far worse than the Great Depression simply because society itself is far worse. . . . Back in the Great Depression, you had neighbors helping neighbors. Today you will have neighbors picking on other neighbors like vultures.”

Live-Blogging of the Main Card of #BKFC62, coming up shortly. #StewartvsDuran #RichardsonvsBlas #WarrenvsEscobozaII https://www.shishonsports.com/shish-on-bare-knuckle-boxing/live-blogging-bkfc-62-hollywood-stewart-vs-duran-main-card

THE LAST PEACEFUL WAY TO RESCUE AMERICA FROM HER DEATH BED!
RICHARD MACK

I really like Sheriff Richard Mack!
I believe that HE is a good man, trying to do the right thing!

I've pushed for EVERYONE to join the #CSPOA too!

But I have to tell you folks....
The #Sheriffs in this country are NOT on your side!

Unlike sheriff Mack, something like 3100 sheriffs (Out of 3150 total) signed a letter OPPOSING dismantling the #Criminal practice of "Civil Asset Forfeiture"

Civil Asset Forfeiture is nothing more than government THEFT OF PROPERTY from American citizens who have NOT been convicted of ANY CRIME!

They just had the bad luck of running across some POS Road Pirate who wanted to STEAL THEIR MONEY so that he could get an "ataboy,"
BASED SOLELY ON AN ACCUSATION!

No "due process whatsoever!!!
Just THEFT pure and simple!

I do NOT think we could find a decent sheriff if wee tried these days!
They are ALL crooks in the pockets of corporations!
And they want to DISARM AMERICANS in violation of the Constitution too!

There is NOTHING more repugnant to the constitution than a modern criminal sheriff
So what??? He was "Elected" in a RIGGED ELECTION!

He is still a worthless tool of Tyranny!
After telling people to "Elect a good Sheriff" to protect them from criminal Federal Government scum for years.... I've realized the county SHERIFFS are no better!

They are just criminals, like all the other illegitimate "government" criminals
Mack may be okay... BUT HE IS RETIRED!

And sheriffs today do not give a rat's a** about your inalienable human rights!
They are your ENEMY, seeking to put you into a cage and steal your property

https://rumble.com/v4zeu2x-the-last-peaceful-way-to-rescue-america-from-her-death-bed-richard-mack.html?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=TheCommonSenseShow

SIX TOOLS To OPTIMIZE Your HORMONES For Holistic Health: Kyle Gillett, MD | Rich Roll Podcast

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbT7mFhLMwA

How to Build STRENGTH and PERFORM on PLANTS: Simon Hill | Rich Roll Podcast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2TB6pEDZu8

OPTIMIZE YOUR GUT to Fight Disease: New Science of Eating Well | Dr. Tim Spector X Rich Roll Podcast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nop0-lZy9cM