The 16th century, spanning from 1501 to 1600, was a transformative period marked by significant events such as the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Age of Exploration. This era witnessed the flourishing of arts and literature, with figures like Leonardo da Vinci and William Shakespeare emerging. The Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church's authority, while explorers like Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan expanded European knowledge of the world, paving the way for colonialism. The century also saw advancements in science and technology, influencing culture and society in profound ways.