First and foremost, NAC is beneficial to the body because of its antioxidant properties (1). Antioxidants — a group of compounds that include other well-known supplements like vitamin C, vitamin E, and astaxanthin — have the important job of helping fight free radical damage and preventing oxidative stress in the body. This is an important job, as oxidative stress has been linked to a wide range of diseases and dysfunctions, including cellular damage and cancer. (2) NAC acts as an antioxidant in its own right, but it also increases the production of other antioxidants such as glutathione. Glutathione is known as the “master antioxidant” and has demonstrated an ability to fight oxidative stress, support immune health (3), and offer protection from heavy metals (4), making it one of the most important — if not the most important — antioxidant in the body. NAC has also demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory properties; according to one study, published in Agents and Actions, it works by reducing the activity (5) of inflammatory cytokines and macrophages.

All humans are born with a genetic defect. Our livers are missing a key enzyme, xl-gulono-§-lactone oxidase, which is required to synthesize ascorbic acid from glucose. The loss of this single gene prevents humans from making their own Vitamin C. The negative mutation of the so-called GULO gene has been well studied in both human and primate genomes. If this negative mutation could be corrected, most people would no longer need to supplement Vitamin C in their diets. Most living things today make their own Vitamin C and do not have to obtain it through food sources. They do this by converting glucuronic acid (C6H10O7), derived from glucose (C6H12O6), into ascorbic acid (C6H8O6). The exceptions that cannot make their own Vitamin C are guinea pigs, fruit eating bats, the red-vented bulbul bird, and higher primates, such as gorillas and humans. 1 Vitamin C supports the production of interferons. Interferons are produced when the presence of pathogens is detected. They facilitate the ability of cells to initiate protective cellular defenses. 2 Vitamin C enhances the function of phagocytes. Phagocytes are a kind of white blood cell that surrounds pathogens and other dangerous particles. Once the intruders are captured, they are digested and neutralized enzymatically. 3 Vitamin C is mainly found in white blood cells. Some of these primary cells of the immune system have levels of vitamin C up to 80 times higher than the levels found in the plasma. 4 Vitamin C supports the cellular immune response. There are 2 main ways that the body can respond to a pathogen: antibody immunity and cellular immunity. The cell-mediated response refers to the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells, and antigen-specific T-lymphocytes that attack anything that is perceived as a foreign agent. 5 Vitamin C enhances cytokine production by white blood cells. Cytokines are communication proteins released from certain white blood cells and transmit information to other cells, thus promoting the immune response. 6 Vitamin C inhibits the apoptosis of various forms of T-lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. They are an integral part of the cell-mediated immune defense system. Vitamin C helps to keep these important cells alive and viable. 7 Vitamin C enhances the production of nitrogen oxide by phagocytes. Nitrogen oxide is produced in massive quantities in these cells, and is one of the factors that will kill captured pathogens. 8 Vitamin C enhances the production of T-lymphocytes. These cells are essential for cell-mediated immune responses, and vitamin C helps to multiply in number. 9 Vitamin C increases the production of B lymphocytes. These white blood cells produce the antibodies as part of the antibody-mediated immune response. These antibodies are formed in response to the initial introduction of an invading pathogen or antigen. 10 Vitamin C inhibits the production of neuraminidase. Some pathogenic viruses and bacteria create neuraminidase, an enzyme that keeps them from being trapped in the mucus, one of the natural lines of body defense. By inhibiting neuraminidase, vitamin C helps to optimize this defense mechanism of the body. 11 Vitamin C supports the production and activity of antibodies. Good antibody function is important for a healthy immune system. 12 Vitamin C supports the activity of natural killer cells. Natural killer cells are small lymphocytes that can attack directly cells, such as cancer cells, and kill them 13 Vitamin C favors the formation of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormones - compounds that control a variety of physiological processes, including regulation of T-cell function. 14 Vitamin C supports circular GMP levels in lymphocytes. Circular GMP plays a leading role in regulating various physiological responses, including immune responses. Circular GMP is important for normal reproduction and differentiation (specificity for specific purposes) of cells. Circular GMP also controls the action of many hormones, and appears to mediate relaxation of smooth muscle.

The mechanism for anti-inflammatory action of Ivermectin was explained as inhibition of cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide challenged macrophages, blockade of activation of NF-kB, and the stress-activated MAP kinases JNK and p38, and inhibition of TLR4 signaling https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8203399/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26814441/ Nanoscale . 2016 Feb 14;8(6):3785-95. doi: 10.1039/c5nr09208f. Epub 2016 Jan 27. Functionalized graphene oxide serves as a novel vaccine nano-adjuvant for robust stimulation of cellular immunity Ligeng Xu 1, Jian Xiang, Ye Liu, Jun Xu, Yinchan Luo, Liangzhu Feng, Zhuang Liu, Rui Peng Affiliations collapse Affiliation 1Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China. [email protected] [email protected]. PMID: 26814441 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr09208f Free article Abstract Benefiting from their unique physicochemical properties, graphene derivatives have attracted great attention in biomedicine. In this study, we carefully engineered graphene oxide (GO) as a vaccine adjuvant for immunotherapy using urease B (Ure B) as the model antigen. Ure B is a specific antigen for Helicobacter pylori, which is a class I carcinogen for gastric cancer. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and various types of polyethylenimine (PEI) were used as coating polymers. Compared with single-polymer modified GOs (GO-PEG and GO-PEI), certain dual-polymer modified GOs (GO-PEG-PEI) can act as a positive modulator to promote the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and enhance their cytokine secretion through the activation of multiple toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways while showing low toxicity. Moreover, this GO-PEG-PEI can serve as an antigen carrier to effectively shuttle antigens into DCs. These two advantages enable GO-PEG-PEI to serve as a novel vaccine adjuvant. In the subsequent in vivo experiments, compared with free Ure B and clinically used aluminum-adjuvant-based vaccine (Alum-Ure B), GO-PEG-PEI-Ure B induces stronger cellular immunity via intradermal administration, suggesting promising applications in cancer immunotherapy. Our work not only presents a novel, highly effective GO-based vaccine nano-adjuvant, but also highlights the critical roles of surface chemistry for the rational design of nano-adjuvants. Similar articles Alum-functionalized graphene oxide nanocomplexes for effective anticancer vaccination. Wang X, Cao F, Yan M, Liu Y, Zhu X, Sun H, Ma G. Acta Biomater. 2019 Jan 1;83:390-399. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.023. Epub 2018 Nov 15. PMID: 30448435 Synthesis of polymer-functionalized nanoscale graphene oxide with different surface charge and its cellular uptake, biosafety and immune responses in Raw264.7 macrophages. Wang B, Su X, Liang J, Yang L, Hu Q, Shan X, Wan J, Hu Z. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2018 Sep 1;90:514-522. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.096. Epub 2018 May 1. PMID: 29853120 Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides-loaded cationic graphene oxide with photothermally enhanced immunogenicity for photothermal/immune cancer therapy. Tao Y, Ju E, Ren J, Qu X. Biomaterials. 2014 Dec;35(37):9963-9971. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.036. Epub 2014 Sep 15. PMID: 25224368 Recent progress of graphene oxide as a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant. Cao W, He L, Cao W, Huang X, Jia K, Dai J. Acta Biomater. 2020 Aug;112:14-28. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.009. Epub 2020 Jun 10. PMID: 32531395 Review. Particulate formulations for the delivery of poly(I:C) as vaccine adjuvant. Hafner AM, Corthésy B, Merkle HP. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013 Oct;65(10):1386-99. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.013. Epub 2013 Jun 7. PMID: 23751781 Review. See all similar articles Cited by 7 articles Intranasal vaccination with influenza HA/GO-PEI nanoparticles provides immune protection against homo- and heterologous strains. Dong C, Wang Y, Gonzalez GX, Ma Y, Song Y, Wang S, Kang SM, Compans RW, Wang BZ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 May 11;118(19):e2024998118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2024998118. PMID: 33941704 Free PMC article. SPIO Enhance the Cross-Presentation and Migration of DCs and Anionic SPIO Influence the Nanoadjuvant Effects Related to Interleukin-1β. Liu H, Dong H, Zhou N, Dong S, Chen L, Zhu Y, Hu HM, Mou Y. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2018 Dec 20;13(1):409. doi: 10.1186/s11671-018-2802-0. PMID: 30570682 Free PMC article. Nanoparticle Vaccines Adopting Virus-like Features for Enhanced Immune Potentiation. Chattopadhyay S, Chen JY, Chen HW, Hu CJ. Nanotheranostics. 2017 Jun 9;1(3):244-260. doi: 10.7150/ntno.19796. eCollection 2017. PMID: 29071191 Free PMC article. Review. Single-cell mass cytometry and transcriptome profiling reveal the impact of graphene on human immune cells. Orecchioni M, Bedognetti D, Newman L, Fuoco C, Spada F, Hendrickx W, Marincola FM, Sgarrella F, Rodrigues AF, Ménard-Moyon C, Cesareni G, Kostarelos K, Bianco A, Delogu LG. Nat Commun. 2017 Oct 24;8(1):1109. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01015-3. PMID: 29061960 Free PMC article. Graphene and the Immune System: A Romance of Many Dimensions. Mukherjee SP, Bottini M, Fadeel B. Front Immunol. 2017 Jun 13;8:673. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00673. eCollection 2017.

Dr. Sherri Tenpenny says this Covid vaccine is a well-designed killing tool. She says the vaccine kills type 2 macrophages in the body that usually act like firemen. She claims the jab can make antibodies that attack more than 25 organs in the body. https://www.trunews.com/stream/trunews-headlines-with-kerry-kinsey-march-8-2021

Dr. Sherri Tenpenny says this Covid vaccine is a well-designed killing tool. She says the vaccine kills type 2 macrophages in the body that usually act like firemen. She claims the jab can make antibodies that attack more than 25 organs in the body. https://www.trunews.com/stream/trunews-headlines-with-kerry-kinsey-march-8-2021

The science behind Vitamin C for the Immune System Vitamin C is one of many essential vitamins, meaning your body can’t produce it. It’s water-soluble and present in many vegetables and fruits, including kale, broccoli, spinach, oranges, strawberries, kiwi fruit, and bell peppers. The RDI (recommended daily intake) for vitamin C is 75 mg for women and 90 mg for men. Research has shown that it has many roles in the body and has been linked to numerous health benefits. The primary reason people eat foods rich in vitamin C and take supplements is to boost their immunity, as it plays an active role in many parts of the immune system. Here are some scientifically proven health benefits of vitamin C. Supports the production of interferons Interferons are proteins produced in response to the presence of pathogens in the body. They stimulate the ability of white blood cells to initiate defensive and protective cellular defenses. Enhances the function of phagocytes Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that surrounds invading pathogens and other dangerous particles. Their role in the body is to capture the infection-causing bacteria and viruses and neutralize them enzymatically. Supports the cellular immune response The body responds to a pathogen in two main ways; antibody immunity and cellular immunity. The immune response mediated by cellular components refers to the activation of antigen-specific T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells that attack anything that’s perceived as a foreign agent. Vitamin C strengthens the function of cellular immunity and supports the production of its components involved in targeting the pathogens and restricting their proliferation in the body. Enhances the production of cytokine production Cytokines are major communication proteins released from white blood cells. They transmit information to other immune cells, thus stimulating the immune response. Vitamin C is proven to enhance the production of cytokines, especially during the active inflammatory response. Enhances the production of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes Both B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes are primary white blood cells that act as a first-line defence against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. B-lymphocytes produce the antibodies as a part of the antibody immune response while T-lymphocytes actively participate in killing and eradicating the infection-causing pathogens. These cells play an important role in stimulating cell-mediated immune responses, and vitamin C helps to enhance their productivity in response to infection or disease. Inhibits the production of neuraminidase Some viruses and bacteria create neuraminidase. This is an enzyme that helps them from being trapped in the mucus. This helps them invade the body membranes and attack the body cells and organs. By inhibiting the production of this enzyme, vitamin C helps to optimise the immune mechanism of the body. The bottom line Vitamin C is an essential and water-soluble vitamin that is not produced in the body and must be obtained from the diet or supplements. Scientific research and clinical trials have proved its impressive health benefits, such as boosting immunity, increasing antioxidant levels, lowering blood pressure, protecting against infections, and reducing the risk of heart disease and dementia. Overall, vitamin C (in diet or supplemental form) is a great and simple way to strengthen your defence mechanisms and boost the immune response.

Can recurring skin infections in dogs be effectively treated without the use of antibiotics? Stephanie Lynch, Ph.D. Researcher at La Trobe University in Melbourne, is working on a potentially groundbreaking treatment for canine pyoderma known as bacteriophage therapy. Listen to learn more about: 1. The most common skin infections types seen in dogs by veterinarians 2. The types of skin infections that can potentially be treated with bacteriophage therapy 3. How this emerging skin infections treatment could change the veterinary landscape Listen to @stephh_lynch here:https://bit.ly/3d9MXtb Episode is also available on Apple Podcast: http://apple.co/30PvU9C ' . . #skinproblems #skincare #acne #infection #virus #skin #healthyskin #skincareroutine #phages #phagetherapy #bacteria #bacteriophages

Goodnight Cancer: Can Controlling Circadian Rhythms Enable the Innate Immune System to Eradicate Cancer Cells? Is it possible to synchronize the biological clocks of immune cells and tumor cells to bypass cancer’s ability to avoid the human body’s defense system? Maria Casanova Acebes, Postdoctoral fellow at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, believes that it absolutely is. Listen to it here: https://bit.ly/3tQxPGO Episode also available on @ApplePodcasts: apple.co/30PvU9C . . . #cancer #cancersucks #cancerawareness #cancerprevention #macrophages #immunesystem #immunology #Findinggeniuspodcast #Healthpodcast #InternalMedicinepodcast #Biosciencespodcast

In 1981, R. Edgar Hope-Simpson proposed that a 'seasonal stimulus' intimately associated with solar radiation explained the remarkable seasonality of epidemic influenza. Solar radiation triggers robust seasonal vitamin D production in the skin; vitamin D deficiency is common in the winter, and activated vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D, a steroid hormone, has profound effects on human immunity. 1,25(OH)2D acts as an immune system modulator, preventing excessive expression of inflammatory cytokines and increasing the 'oxidative burst' potential of macrophages. Perhaps most importantly, it dramatically stimulates the expression of potent anti-microbial peptides, which exist in neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, and in epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract where they play a major role in protecting the lung from infection.” https://amzn.to/3cQ77Z6